Consistent with the excretion rate of PDX cells, the urine excretion rate and the expression in plasma of IGFBP-3 in active FSGS model mice and FSGS patients were significantly up-regulated (Srivastava et al., 2019), IGFBP-3 can be used as a noninvasive biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of FSGS. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.