VEGFA and neoplasm: However, the activity of DCs to induce anti-tumor responses is suppressed by TME dampening of DC maturation, differentiation, or cell migration, with numerous TME effector molecules (e.g., IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, TGF-β, CSF-1) involved in suppression of DC activities (Fu and Jiang, 2018; Bandola-Simon and Roche, 2019; Del Prete et al., 2020).