VEGFA and neoplasm: Meanwhile, ginsenosides Rb1 and Ro have been shown to inhibit HUVEC cell formation into tube-like structures (Lu et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2019), while the end metabolite of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides metabolism, PPD, exerted a pro-apoptotic effect on HUVECs (Wang X. et al., 2019) and ginsenoside Rh2 downregulated tumor cell expression of VEGF and MMPs (Li H. et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020).