Moreover, the mtDNA released from oxidative damaged liver cells can activate NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain contain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated inflammatory response and further promote the transition to NASH (Garcia-Martinez et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2020a). The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.