TGFB1 and neoplasm: Following radiotherapy-mediated activation, TGF-β has been shown to upregulate immunosuppressive T regulatory cells and to downregulate anti-tumor effector cells (i.e., CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killers) (Vanpouille-Box et al., 2015; Wennerberg et al., 2017; Farhood et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021).