TGFB1 and cancer: The crucial role of TGFβ in determining the sensitivity to radiation therapy is well-recognized and the inhibition of TGFβ signaling by emerging pharmacological interventions (i.e., receptor kinase inhibitors, TGFβ-directed monoclonal antibodies, TGFβ ligand traps, antisense oligonucleotides, and vaccine-based approaches) has been reported by pre-clinical and clinical studies to reverse radioresistance of irradiated cells and boost the immune system against cancer (Formenti et al., 2018; Farhood et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021).