IGF1R and fibrosis: Berberine also attenuated cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction through reducing cardiac insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression in diabetic rats, and inhibited inflammatory response via suppressing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/MMP-9, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen type I expression in high glucose-cultured cardiac fibroblasts (Li et al., 2018).