TNF and Huntington disease: The 3-NP mimics HD pathogenesis through GABAergic neurons degeneration in the striatum by inducing microglial activation that causes excessive cytotoxic agents production such as nitric oxide, free radicals, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (Bonsi et al., 2006; Ahuja et al., 2008).