IL6 and Cognitive impairment: Excessive release of peripheral inflammatory cytokines caused by anesthesia/surgery activates microglia, disturbs the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and allows inflammatory cytokines [interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] to be released into the CNS, thereby inducing neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment (Safavynia and Goldstein, 2018).