NRF1 and brain injury: Previous studies reported that neural mitochondrial biogenesis regulators (e.g., PGC-1α, TFAM, NRF-1, and NRF-2) were upregulated as a compensatory response to energy demand and reductions in neural mitochondrial content in I/R-induced brain injury (Ma et al., 2016; Carinci et al., 2021).