We found that PARP1 overexpression caused significant cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, as evaluated by gross morphologic examination (Figure 2A), echocardiography (Figure 2B, 2K and Supplementary Table S3), HE staining (Figure 2C, 2D), Masson staining (Figure 2E, 2L), WGA staining (Figure 2F, 2M), the increased ratios of HW/BW (Figure 2I) and LVW/BW (Figure 2J), as well as the increased protein levels of ANF and BNP (Figure 2O). Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.