PGAM1 and breast cancer: Their results showed that the anti-MUC-1 autoantibody assay had the highest sensitivity and specificity (62.67% and 98%, respectively) among other anti-TAA antibodies, including triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc), to detect mammary tumors in dogs [22].