Notably, among the MDA5/RAVER1 pathway-related genes, ICAM1 (but not IFNB1, TNF and CCL5), which is a downstream gene of MDA5 (IFIH1)/RAVER1,35 was significantly reduced in alveolar AT1/AT2 lung epithelial cells of COVID-19-succumbed human lungs compared to healthy lungs (Fig. 3a and b, Supplementary Table S1), the data of which was consistent with additional analysis of another snRNA-seq dataset obtained from COVID-19-succumbed lungs,26 albeit lower fold probably due to age ≥58 (up to 84) population dataset (Supplementary Table S2). Here, IFNB1 is linked to COVID-19.