AIF1 and substance dependence: Our findings concur with other studies indicating that alcohol can induce increases in Iba-1 and Ox-42 immunoreactivity, including models of alcohol dependence [62–64], alcohol-induced neurodegeneration [18, 21], and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders [65, 66], but our results have uniquely shown the effects of alcohol before dependence and at much lower BECs.