When classified according to serum pre-treatment sPD-1 and AFP levels, the 10-year cumulative rates of HCC development were 0%, 6.5%, 12.8%, and 67.0% in the sPD-1 > 447.27 pg/mL + AFP < 6.4 ng/mL group (n = 30), sPD-1 ≤ 447.27 pg/mL + AFP < 6.4 ng/mL group (n = 34), sPD-1 > 447.27 pg/mL + AFP ≥ 6.4 ng/mL group (n = 41), and sPD-1 ≤ 447.27 pg/mL + AFP ≥ 6.4 ng/mL group (n = 17), respectively (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2). The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.