For typical LCCs, INSM1, SYN, CGA and CD56 were identified in 32% (9/28), 9% (5/53), 4% (2/52) and 27% (13/49) of typical LCCs, respectively, and there was 64% of typical LCC cases demonstrating expression of at least 1 of the 4 NE markers. Here, INSM1 is linked to leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts.