Gene expression in association with the pathways “MicroRNAs in cancer”, “GnRH signaling pathway” and “Cell cycle” was significantly decreased in patients displaying PD-L1 expression (p < 0.05) (Fig. 3A, supplemental Fig. 5), while genes in association with “Primary immunodeficiency”, “Staphylococcus aureus infection” and “Systematic lupus erythematosus” were enriched. Here, CD274 is linked to inborn error of immunity.