Conversely, analyses of genetic polymorphisms in different human populations around the world found that ELMO1 was associated with autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and nephropathy, but not immunodeficiency diseases (Hironori Katoh, 2006; Arandjelovic et al., 2019; Bayoumy et al., 2020). Here, ELMO1 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.