MMP9 and neoplasm: Tumor-derived granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a NET-inducing factor, and NETs-associated marker genes including Histone family, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), were significantly overexpressed in the tumor thrombus (Figure 2A), rather than tumor, of patients with unfavorable prognosis in the “High-risk” group.