Meanwhile, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulates the induction of STAT3α to improve acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line proliferation and regulates CK2 protein kinase, the transcription of the Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) gene, by inducing STAT3 through JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis, leading to leukemia stem cells growth (Shi et al., 2018). Here, CSF3 is linked to leukemia.