TNF and Behcet disease: Proinflammatory mediators in the peripheral, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as neuroinflammatory markers in the central nervous system (activated microglia), are found to be elevated not only in the acute mood episodes, but also in the remission phase of BD (16, 18).