Using mouse-derived macrophages in an in vitro infection setting, it was demonstrated that phagocytosis of toxigenic C. difficile leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, through MyD88 and toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) dependent pathways, which results inflammasome formation (Liu et al., 2018). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is infection.