In 2015, a cross-sectional study found the connection between the concentration of urinary CypA and the progression of renal function with good discriminatory power (sensitivity of 90.0%, specificity of 72.7%, AUCs = 0.85) for diagnosing stage 2 DN; therefore, the authors proposed that urinary CypA could act as a new biomarker for early DN (Tsai et al., 2015). The gene discussed is PPIA; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.