Moreover, several regulators of autophagy and mitophagy pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM)12, presenilin 1 (PS1)13, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-induced kinase1 (PINK1), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), Unc-51-like kinase-1 (ULK1)11 and Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG-3)14 are lowly expressed or impaired in AD patients. The gene discussed is PSEN1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.