IL1B and colitis: In addition to the ability of IL-1β to induce IL-22 secretion by ILC3, a recent study demonstrated that IL-1-signaling on mesenchymal cells results in increased production of Wnt agonists that promote intestinal stem cell proliferation and can protect in DSS-induced colitis and after C. rodentium infection.33 However, we did not see up-regulation of Wnt agonist, Rspo3, and the Wnt target stem cell gene, Lgr5, suggesting that GDAR2-2 does not protect mice from C. rodentium infection through Wnt signaling to induce intestinal stem cell regeneration.