Kim et al. also demonstrated superior anti-tumor effects when radiotherapy was combined with anti-PD-L1 in murine models, demonstrating significant improvement in survival compared to both groups alone (P<0.01), attributing this to the upregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells through the Interferon-γ/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signalling [163]. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and neoplasm.