TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Numerous cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), can act as central mediators of the inflammatory response and have been confirmed to be positively correlated with the risk of T2DM [46, 47].