Indeed, GSTM3 has been dominantly associated with various cancers, and changes in its expression are shown to affect the progression of various tumors (Wang et al., 2020), although it has also been associated with COPD and lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis (Flamant et al., 2004; Çalışkan et al., 2015; van de Wetering et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene GSTM3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.