The secretion of EVs containing miRNAs associated with disruption of redox signaling and hypertrophic gene expression was described in vitro in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes in response to stimulation with TNF, angiotensin-II, norepinephrine, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which are substances related to CHF (Bang et al., 2014; Tian et al., 2018); traits replicated in a rat model of CHF (Tian et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is congestive heart failure.