TNF and diabetes mellitus: (45) further found that an enriched environment promoted the up-regulation of miR-146a secreted by endogenous BM-MSC-sEVs and down-regulation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) expression, thereby inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and reducing the production of TNF-α, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect on damaged astrocytes and preventing diabetes-induced cognitive impairment.