In the comparison of differentially expressed microRNAs between patients with familial PMAH and normal controls, the renal cell carcinoma pathway contained 25 genes (EGLN3, EGLN2, EGLN1, PAK6, PAK7, CUL2, CDC42, RAC1, SOS2, GAB1, SLC2A1, TGFA, PAK1, PIK3R1, AKT3, PIK3R2, MAP 2 K1, MET, RAF1, MAPK1, HIF1A, CRKL, VEGFA, RAP1A and CRK) that were targeted by these microRNAs, while 5 genes (CDC42, CUL2, EP300, GRB2 and SLC2A1) were targeted by microRNAs that were differentially expressed between patients with sporadic PMAH and normal controls (Fig. 6). Here, MAPK1 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.