TNF and infection: Host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2 triggers the induction of inflammatory cytokines, including IL1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-γ inducible protein (IP)-10/CXCL10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, which in turn recruit macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection culminating in a “cytokine storm” or “cytokine release syndrome” (4, –, 6).