The iAF cell line, which is a cell model used for studying AF cells, was used for in vitro analysis.34 iAF cells were transfected with siRNA-Vhl (iAF cells transfected with siRNA-Vhl are referred to as iAF-siRNA-Vhl, and cells transfected only with the vehicle are referred to as iAF-siNega) to induce activation of HIF1α (Supplementary Fig 3D). Here, HIF1A is linked to atrial fibrillation.