mRNA profiling of myeloma patient cohort GSE5900 showed that SUMO E1 (Ubiquitin Like Modifier Activating Enzyme 2(UBA2)/SUMO activating enzyme 2 (SAE2)) gene expression was significantly upregulated at the premalignant myeloma stage (MGUS) and in the asymptomatic myeloma phase (smoldering MM) compared to healthy plasma cells (Supplemental Fig. S1A). This evidence concerns the gene UBA2 and Miyoshi myopathy.