BDNF and colitis: In mice with dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis, a significant increase in the expression of TLR-2 and -4, TNF-α, IL-6 and damage-associated molecular patterns like high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), intracellular signalling proteins such as myeloid differentiation primary response 88, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found in the hippocampal regions [136].