The role of PD-L1/PD1 mediated immune escape in bladder cancer recurrence and progression has long been studied [4, 5], which has facilitated the development of clinical trials of PD-L1/PD1 inhibitors in NMIBC and the FDA’s approval of 5 PD-L1/PD1 inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic bladder cancer [28]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is urinary bladder cancer.