NFKBIA and infection: In the case of A. fumigatus infection of A549 cells, NFKBIA is reported to be upregulated in A. fumigatus infected A549 cells at 8 h of infection as shown by Affymetrix gene microarray [40]; however, in a slightly different experimental system, A549 cells cultured in the transwell membrane and infected with A. fumigatus for 6 h, NFKBIA has been shown to be downregulated [41].