VEGFA and neoplasm: As a critical angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can repolarize tumor-associated macrophages to M2-like phenotypes (Fukumura et al. 2018), inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells (Gabrilovich et al. 1996), promote regulatory T-cell infiltration (Fukumura et al. 2018), and induce CD8+ T-cell exhaustion (Kim et al. 2019), and thus can lead to immune suppression and reduce effectiveness of ICI.