COPD is a chronic disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway remodelling, airflow obstruction, and loss of the alveolar parenchyma.88 Wnt/β-catenin signalling activity is reduced in the lung epithelial cells of COPD patients, and the mechanisms responsible for its downregulation include cigarette smoke and fibroblast-derived Wnt5a. Here, WNT5A is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.