MTOR and hepatocellular carcinoma: For example, the upregulation of miR-222, miR-378a, miR-494 and miR-93 was observed in sorafenib resistant HCC and these miRNAs were found to target the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway [10–13]; the downregulation of miR-let-7, miR-142-3p, miR-34a and miR-541 suppresses HCC cell death via targeting genes associated with autophagy and apoptosis [14–17].