At 3 h after E. coli infection, the qPCR results showed that overexpression of mgU2-30 led to a significant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, whereas knockout of mgU2-30 did not cause an increase in the level of these cytokines in hBMECs (Fig. 7a and c). Here, TNF is linked to escherichia coli infection.