INS and polycystic ovary syndrome: Insulin (100 nM, 15 min for Akt phosphorylation and 30 min for glucose uptake) increased Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake significantly in granulosa cells from all other three groups but not from PCOS with IR group (Fig. 1A-C), although non-PCOS with IR group also presented significantly less Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake than non-PCOS without IR group upon insulin stimulation (Fig. 1A - C).