In addition, Sotnikova et al. [48] reported higher levels of secreted proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta) in supernatant samples of cultured mononuclear cells obtained from late-secretory endometrium of women with adenomyosis when compared with healthy controls [48]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and adenomyosis.