CXCR4 and neoplasm: Hence, CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR-4 signaling pathway has been described as a rational and effective therapeutic target in the context of tumor therapy due to its pivotal role in tumor instigation and development by triggering various signaling pathways, comprising ERK1/2, Ras, JNK and p38 MAPK along with adjusting CSCs [228].