INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: P9-dependent GLP-1 production was associated with ameliorating thermogenesis, body weight, and glucose homeostasis in obese mice.72 In healthy individuals, GLP-1 induces insulin release, delays gastric emptying and increases satiety.73 Obese subjects had more rapid gastric emptying than their non-obese counterparts,74 thus GLP-1 agonists have become well-established therapies in obesity.73,75 Gut bacteria promoting GLP-1 production may help ameliorate obesity through reduction of gastric motility.