In a variety of malignancies, including bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer, TGF‐β1 can induce the transformation of resident normal fibroblasts into CAFs and lead to the differential expression of α‐SMA and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) genes (specific markers of CAFs) through the typical TGF‐β signaling pathway.161, 328, 329, 330. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and pancreatic neoplasm.