SPP1 and cancer: For instance, integrin αvβ3 binding to SPP1 can promote cellular migration through the FAK, ERK1/2, and NF-κB signaling pathways [14] and increase tumor progression and reduce apoptosis of cancer cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways [12, 15].