Diabetes increased the mRNA expression of p47phox, Nox2, and Nox4 in the renal cortex by 6.2 ± 4.6-fold, 3.6 ± 2.7-fold, and 1.3 ± 0.1-fold, respectively (Supplementary Figures1a, 1b, and 1c). This evidence concerns the gene NCF1 and diabetes mellitus.