CD4 and Granuloma: Following L. donovani infection, the chemokines IFN-γ inducible protein-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were secreted by Kupffer cells, monocytes, and T cells in both a T cell-independent and dependent manner, resulting in the recruitment of monocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the developing granulomas (26).