Several lines of evidence have suggested that monocytes/macrophages are attracted to the alveolar space in response to the viral infection elicited by SARS-CoV-2, where they secrete a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β and IL-6 and TNF, contributing to the hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable phenotypes observed in severe COVID-19 patients (122, 123). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.