NPPA and Ventricular hypertrophy: In a potentially hypertrophic state induced by HCM-associated variants such as I79N, there is a reappearance of ventricular ANP expression in the developing cardiomyocytes, which is recognized as a marker for the induction of the embryonic gene program seen mainly in ventricular hypertrophy (Razeghi et al., 2001; Gardner, 2003).