TGFB1 and cancer: As one of the well-known EMT inducer, the activation of TGFβ/Smad signaling by paracrine TGFβ1 from cancer-associated fibroblasts increases EMT-associated transcription factors, including SNAIL and ZEB2, and represses epithelial marker, E-Cadherin, in UBC cells (Zhuang et al., 2015; Zhuang et al., 2017).